Health and Disability

In one study, the team analyzed data from a geographically diverse consumer panel of 33,720 people across the US. The researchers analyzed the employment status of each individual and looked at how this related to the purchase of over-the-counter (OTC) painkillers.

Compared with households in which at least one adult was employed, the team found that households in which both adults were unemployed spent around 20% more on OTC painkillers in 2008.

In an online study - involving 187 participants - the researchers found that individuals who were unemployed and deemed financially insecure at state level were more likely to report experiencing physical pain on a four-item pain scale, compared with employed, financially stable participants.

A further online study found that, compared with subjects who recalled an economically stable period in their lives, those who recalled an economically unstable period reported almost twice the amount of physical pain, even after accounting for age, employment status and negative emotion.

Researchers also assessed whether financial insecurity might be linked to pain tolerance. In a laboratory-based study, the team asked students to think about entering a stable or unstable job market while placing one hand in a bucket of ice water. Pain tolerance was measured by how long participants could keep their hand in the ice water.

Compared with students who thought about entering a stable job market, those who thought about entering an unstable job market showed reduced pain tolerance; they were unable to keep their hand in the ice water for as long.